When estimating the net cost to the family of a university education, a student should consider two factors: (1) the total cost of tuition, fees, and materials related to a particular program, plus costs directly related to the choice of living style (dormitory, apartment, commuting costs) and (2) financial aid that may be available from a variety of sources. This section provides information on both of these distinct but related topics.
Tuition and Fees—2006-2007
Following is the schedule of fees established by the Board of Trustees of New York University for the year 2006-2007. The Board of Trustees reserves the right to alter this schedule without notice. Tuition, fees, and expenses may be expected to increase in subsequent years and will be listed in supplements to this bulletin.
Note that the registration and services fee covers membership, dues, etc., to the student’s class organization and entitles the student to membership in such University activities as are supported by this allocation and to receive regularly those University and College publications that are supported in whole or in part by the student activities fund. It also includes the University’s health services and emergency and accident coverage.
Note: Deposits may be required for laboratory courses. Students should consult the respective departments for information.
All fees are payable at the time of registration. The Office of the Bursar is located at 25 West Fourth Street. Checks and drafts are to be drawn to the order of New York University for the exact amount of the tuition and fees required. In the case of overpayment, the balance is refunded on request by filing a refund application in the Office of the Bursar.
A fee will be charged if payment is not made by the due date indicated on the student’s statement.
The unpaid balance of a student’s account is also subject to an interest charge of 12 percent per annum from the first day of class until payment is received.
Holders of New York State Tuition Assistance Program Awards will be allowed credit toward their tuition fees in the amount of their entitlement, provided they are enrolled on a full-time basis and they present with their schedule/bill the Award Certificate for the applicable term.
Students who receive awards after registration will receive a check from the University after the New York State payment has been received by the Office of the Bursar and the Office of the Registrar has confirmed eligibility.
The following is an explanatory schedule of fees for 2006-2007.
FULL-TIME STUDENTS
Tuition, 12 to 18 points per term $15,767.00
Fall term 2006:
nonreturnable registration and services fee $943.00
Spring term 2007: nonreturnable registration and services fee $943.00
For each point taken in excess of 18, per point, per term (includes a nonreturnable registration and services fee of $56.00 per point) $985.00
OTHER STUDENTS
Tuition, per point, per term $929.00
Fall term 2006: nonreturnable registration and services fee, first point $299.00
Fall term 2006 nonreturnable registration and services fee, per point, for registration first point after $56.00
Spring term 2007: nonreturnable registration and services fee, first point $312.00
Spring term 2007:nonreturnable registration and services fee, per point, for registration after first point $56.00
BASIC HEALTH INSURANCE BENEFIT PLAN
Full-time students automatically enrolled1,2; all others can select Annual $1,376.00
Fall term $532.00
Spring term $844.00
(coverage for the spring and summer terms)
Summer term $373.00
(only for students who did not register in the preceding term)
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH INSURANCE BENEFIT PLAN
International students automatically enrolled1,2; all others can select Annual $2,049.00
Fall term $792.00
Spring/summer term $1,257.00
(coverage for the spring and summer terms)
Summer term $556.00
(only for students who did not register in the preceding term)
STU-DENT PLAN
Dental service through NYU’s College of Dentistry:
Initial Enrollment— academic year $205.00
Renewal—academic year $170.00
ACADEMIC SUPPORT FEE
All students must pay an academic support fee. For those taking 12 points or more, it is $25.00 per term. For those taking fewer than 12 points, it is $5.00 per point, up to a maximum of $25.00 per term.
MAINTENANCE OF MATRICULATION
Per term varies
Plus
Nonreturnable registration and services fee:
Fall term $243.00
Spring term (coverage for spring and summer terms) $256.00
SPECIAL FEES FOR ALL STUDENTS
Late payment of tuition fee $25.00
Late registration fee commencing with the second week of classes $50.00
Late registration fee commencing with the fifth week of classes $100.00
SPECIAL PROGRAMS
For expenses for study in the NYU Programs Abroad and in NYU International Exchange Programs, contact NYU Office of Study Abroad Admissions, 7 East 12th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10003-4475; 212-998-4433.
ARREARS POLICY
The University reserves the right to deny registration and withhold all information regarding the record of any student who is in arrears in the payment of tuition, fees, loans, or other charges (including charges for housing, dining, or other activities or services) for as long as any arrears remain.
DIPLOMA ARREARS POLICY
Diplomas of students in arrears will be held until their financial obligations to the University are fulfilled and they have been cleared by the Bursar. Graduates with a diploma hold may contact the Office of the Bursar at 212-998-2806 to clear arrears or to discuss their financial status at the University.
WITHDRAWAL AND REFUND OF TUITION
A student who for any reason finds it impossible to complete a course for which he or she has registered should consult with an academic adviser. An official withdrawal must be filed either by Albert (through the first three weeks of the term only) or in writing on a completed Change of Program (drop/add) form with the Office of the Registrar. (Note: An official withdrawal must be filed if a course has been canceled, and, in this case, the student is entitled to a refund of tuition and registration fees paid.) Withdrawal does not necessarily entitle the student to a refund of tuition paid or a cancellation of tuition still due. A refund of tuition will be made provided such withdrawal is filed within the scheduled refund period for the term (see schedule below).
Merely ceasing to attend a class does not constitute official withdrawal, nor does notification to the instructor. A stop payment of a check presented for tuition does not constitute withdrawal, nor does it reduce the indebtedness to the University. The nonreturnable registration fee and a penalty fee of $20.00 for a stopped payment must be charged in addition to any tuition not canceled.
The date on which the Change of Program form is filed, not the last date of attendance in class, is considered the official date of the student’s withdrawal. It is this date that serves as the basis for computing any refund granted the student.
The refund period (see schedule below) is defined as the first four calendar weeks of the term for which application for withdrawal is filed. The processing of refunds takes approximately two weeks.
REFUND PERIOD SCHEDULE (FALL AND SPRING TERMS ONLY)
This schedule is based on the total applicable charge for tuition, excluding nonreturnable fees and deposits.
Withdrawal before the official opening date of the term: 100% (100% of tuition and fees)*
Withdrawal within the first calendar week from the opening date of the term: 100% (100% of tuition only)
The first calendar week consists of the first seven (7) calendar days beginning with the official opening date of the term.
(Note: not the first day of the class meeting.)
Withdrawal within the second calendar week from the opening date of the term: 70%
Withdrawal within the third calendar week from the opening date of the term: 55%
Withdrawal within the fourth calendar week from the opening date of the term: 25%
Withdrawal after completion of the fourth calendar week of the term: None
*Note: After the official opening date of the term, the registration and services fee is not returnable.
The above refund schedule is not applicable to students whose registration remains within the flat-fee range.
Note: A student may not withdraw from a class after the ninth week of the fall or spring semester or the last two weeks of each summer session.
The registration and services fee is in no case returnable.
Exceptions to the published refund schedule may be appealed in writing to the refund committee in the College Advising Center, Silver Center, Room 905, and should be supported by appropriate documentation regarding the circumstances that warrant consideration of an exception. Exceptions are rarely granted.
Federal regulations require adjustments reducing financial aid if a student withdraws even after the NYU refund period. Financial aid amounts will be adjusted for students who withdraw through the ninth week of the semester and have received any federal grants or loans. This adjustment may result in the student’s bill not being fully paid. NYU will bill the student for this difference. The student will be responsible for payment of this bill before returning to NYU and will remain responsible for payment even if he or she does not return to NYU.
For any semester a student receives any aid, that semester will be counted in the satisfactory academic progress standard. This may require the student to make up credits before receiving any further aid. Please review the “satisfactory academic progress” standard for your school so you do not jeopardize future semesters of aid. Students who withdraw should review the “Refund” page on the NYU Office of the Bursar Web site (www.nyu.edu/bursar).
Financial Aid
New York University awards financial aid in an effort to help students meet the difference between their own resources and the cost of education. All awards are subject to availability of funds and the student’s demonstrated need. Renewal of assistance depends on annual reevaluation of a student’s need, the availability of funds, the successful completion of the previous year, and satisfactory progress toward completion of degree requirements. In addition, students must meet the published filing deadlines. Detailed information about financial aid is forwarded with the admission application and is also available on the Office of Financial Aid Web site, www.nyu.edu/financial.aid. A concise summary is also included in the NYU Student’s Guide, available at the Student Resource Center, Kimmel Center for University
Life, 60 Washington Square South, Suite 210.
Many awards are granted purely on the basis of scholastic merit, while others are based on financial need. It is frequently possible to receive a combination of awards based on both. University scholarships or fellowships may be granted by themselves or in conjunction with student loans or Federal Work-Study employment. To ensure that maximum sources of available support will be investigated, students must apply for financial aid by the appropriate deadline.
It is the student’s responsibility to supply true, accurate, and complete information to the Office of Financial Aid and to notify them immediately of any changes or corrections in his or her financial situation, enrollment status, or housing status, including tuition remission benefits, outside scholarships and grants, and state-sponsored pre-paid college savings plans.
A student who has received a financial aid award must inform his or her department and the Office of Financial Aid if he or she subsequently decides to decline all or part of that award. To neglect to do so may prevent use of the award by another student. If a student has not claimed his or her award (has not enrolled) by the close of regular (not late) registration and has not obtained written permission from his or her department and the Office of Financial Aid for an extension, the award may be canceled, and the student may become ineligible to receive scholarship or fellowship aid in future years.
Determination of financial need is also based on the number of courses for which the student indicates he or she intends to register. A change in registration therefore may necessitate an adjustment in financial aid.
HOW TO APPLY
Students must submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), and later, New York State residents must also complete the preprinted New York State Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) application, which is mailed automatically to the student by the New York State Higher Education Services Corporation (HESC) after the FAFSA is processed. (The TAP application is also available on the Internet when using FAFSA on the Web. See www.nyu.edu/financial .aid/tap.html). The FAFSA (available online at www.fafsa.ed.gov or from the student’s current high school or the NYU Office of Financial Aid) is the basic form for all student aid programs. Be sure to complete all sections. Students should give permission on the FAFSA for application data to be sent directly to New York University (the NYU federal code number is 002785).
Students are encouraged to apply for financial aid electronically—the fastest and most accurate method. See www.nyu.edu/financial .aid or www.fafsa.ed.gov. Entering freshmen should submit the application by February 15 for the fall term or by November 1 for the spring term. Returning undergraduates and transfer students should apply no later than March 1. Graduate students should consult the Financial Aid Web site or their department for financial aid deadlines.
Students requiring summer financial aid must submit a summer aid application in addition to the FAFSA and TAP application. The application, available in February, can be obtained from the Financial Aid Web site or the Office of Financial Aid.
ELIGIBILITY
Enrollment. To be considered for financial aid students must be officially admitted to NYU or matriculated in a degree program and making satisfactory academic progress toward degree requirements. Students in certain certificate or diploma programs may also be eligible for consideration. Generally, University administered aid is awarded to full-time students. Half-time students (fewer than 12 but at least 6 credit points per semester) may be eligible for a Federal Stafford Loan or a Federal Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), but they must also maintain satisfactory academic progress. Part-time undergraduate students may also be eligible for Aid for Part-Time Study (APTS) (New York State residents only—separate application is necessary) or for Pell Grants.
Renewal Eligibility. Financial aid awards are not automatically renewed each year. Continuing students must submit a Renewal FAFSA each year by the NYU deadline, continue to demonstrate financial need, make satisfactory progress toward degree requirements, and be in good academic standing.
Citizenship. In order to be eligible for aid from NYU and from federal and state government sources, students must be classified either as U.S. citizens or as eligible noncitizens. Students are considered to be eligible noncitizens for financial aid purposes if one of the following conditions applies:
U.S. permanent resident with an Alien Registration Receipt Card I-551 (“green card”).
Other eligible noncitizen with an Arrival-Departure Record (I-94) showing any one of the following designations: (a) “Refugee,”
(b) “Indefinite Parole,” (c) “Human-itarian Parole,” (d) “Asylum Granted,” or (e) “Cuban-Haitian Entrant.”
Withdrawal. Those receiving federal aid who withdraw completely may be billed for remaining balances resulting from the mandatory return of funds to the U.S. government. The amount of federal aid “earned” up to that point is determined by the withdrawal date and a calculation based upon the federally prescribed formula. Generally, federal assistance is earned on a pro-rata basis.
University-Sponsored and -Administered Programs
Through the generosity of its alumni and other concerned citizens, as well as from funds supplied by the federal government, the University is able to provide an extensive financial aid program for its students.
Awards are competitive and based on academic achievement, test scores, and, in most cases, financial need.
SCHOLARSHIPS AND GRANTS
Scholarships and grants awarded by the University generally range from $500 to $25,000. In addition, the University has established separate scholarship funds for students in special situations of merit or need. There is no special application for NYU scholarships. All students are automatically considered for academic (merit-based) and financial need-based scholarships after applying for admission and financial aid. The FAFSA and the admissions application contain all the information needed for scholarship determination.
New York University Merit Scholarships. The University sponsors scholarships for finalists in the annual National Merit Scholarship Programs. New York University must be listed as the first choice of schools in order to qualify for New York University Merit Scholarships.
Presidential Honors Scholars. Membership in the Presidential Honors Scholars at the College of Arts and Science offers outstanding students the opportunity to receive special advising from College faculty and staff, to challenge themselves in honors courses and through independent research, to study abroad, to take advantage of New York City’s cultural resources, and to develop leadership skills through community service. Scholars comprise a distinguished group of undergraduates; only the top five percent of the entering class are chosen, and students who apply for entry after they have matriculated must demonstrate not only superlative academic achievements, but also a consistent record of leadership and service to the community.
Freshmen appointed on the basis of their high school records participate in a Scholars Seminar. They meet regularly for lectures and discussions and participate in a wide variety of cocurricular activities. These include the Scholars Lecture Series, cultural events in the city, social events, and community service projects. Scholars also register for a Freshman Honors Seminar. During the January intersession, freshman scholars travel with faculty mentors to Villa La Pietra in Florence, Italy. Sophomore scholars also participate in a study abroad spring break, choosing a destination that most closely relates to their academic or personal interests. During their junior or senior year, scholars spend an entire semester (or year) studying at one of NYU’s programs or exchanges abroad. In their junior and senior years, they also enroll in the honors track of their chosen major. In addition, Presidential Honors Scholars are committed to volunteering and serving in the community.
Scholars admitted as freshmen directly from high school receive financial assistance in the form of a scholarship. Membership in the Scholars Program is renewable annually, depending on the quality of the scholar’s academic records and his or her level of participation in the program. All scholars are expected to be full-time students and maintain a grade point average of at least 3.65. Students who are not designated as Presidential Honors Scholars for the freshman year are invited to apply for membership at the end of the spring semester.
Further information is available from the Office of the Associate Dean for Students, College of Arts and Science, New York University, Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, Room 909B, or from the Office of Undergraduate Admissions, 22 Washington Square North. You can also reach the Office of Undergraduate Admissions at 212-998-4540.
The Reynolds Program in Social Entrepreneurship. The Reynolds Program in Social Entrepreneurship offers 10 undergraduate scholarships each year. The program is a comprehensive initiative designed to equip the next generation of social entrepreneurial leaders and infrastructure developers and managers with the skills, resources, and networking opportunities needed to help solve society’s most intractable problems in sustainable and scalable ways. The undergraduate scholarship provides up to $40,000 over two years and dedicated curricular and cocurricular activities. Please visit the Reynolds Program Web site at www.nyu.edu/reynolds for more information.
Trustees Scholars. A program of Trustees Scholarships was established in 1983 in order to recognize the exceptional promise of new freshman and transfer students who meet special academic criteria: outstanding high school/college grade point averages and SAT scores. Each scholar receives generous scholarship aid and is invited to participate in a series of special lectures and other events.
Phi Theta Kappa Scholarship Program. This program, established in 1984, honors members of the national honor society for two-year colleges. It provides minimum scholarships of $2,500 for students entering New York University as juniors after completing degree programs at two-year colleges. Transfer students with grade point averages of at least 3.8 are eligible.
LOAN PROGRAM
Federal Perkins Loan Program. New York University administers the Federal Perkins Loan Program, supported by the federal government.
The University determines eligibility for a Perkins Loan based on a student’s financial need and availability of funds; students are considered for this loan when they apply for financial aid. New York University generally awards Perkins Loans to the neediest full-time students only.
Perkins Loans are made possible through a combination of resources: an annual allocation from the U.S. Department of Education, a contribution from New York University, and repayments by previous borrowers.
The annual interest rate is currently 5 percent, and interest does not accrue while the student remains enrolled at least half-time.
PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT
Student Employment and Internship Center. Most financial aid award packages include “recommended academic year earnings.” This means that students are eligible to work by using NYU’s student employment services, including the Federal Work-Study Program, and may earn up to the amount recommended in their award package. Academic year earnings are paid directly to the student on a biweekly basis and are normally used for books, transportation, and personal expenses.
It is not necessary to be awarded academic year earnings in order to use the services of the Student Employment and Internship Center. All students may use the center as soon as they have paid their tuition deposit and may also wish to use the center as a resource for summer employment. Extensive listings of both on-campus and off-campus jobs are available. The Student Employment and Internship Center is located at 5 Washington Place.
Resident Assistantships. Resident assistants reside in the residence halls and are responsible for organizing, implementing, and evaluating social and educational activities. Compensation may include room and/or board, and/or a stipend.
Applications and further information may be obtained from the Office of Residential Education, New York University, 33 Washington Square West, 1st Floor, New York, NY 10011-9154, telephone 212-998-4311.
All Other Sources of Aid
STATE GRANTS
New York State offers a wide variety of grants and scholarships to residents. Although application is made directly to the state and grants are awarded by the state, the amount each student is expected to receive is estimated and taken into account by the University when assembling the student’s financial aid package.
New York State Tuition Assistance Program (TAP). Legal residents of the state of New York who are enrolled in a full-time degree program of at least 12 credit points a term, or the equivalent, may be eligible for awards under this program. The award varies, depending on income and tuition cost.
Students applying for TAP must do so via a FAFSA application (see earlier “How to Apply” section). Return the completed application as instructed. Do not send the forms to NYU. For more information about TAP, visit www.nyu.edu/financial.aid/tap.html.
Aid for Part-Time Study (APTS). A financial aid program to help New York State residents pursuing part-time undergraduate degree study offers awards in amounts of up to $2,000 per academic year. The amount of an award is determined by the institution. To be eligible, the student must have filed a FAFSA and demonstrated financial need, must not have exhausted their TAP eligibility, must be otherwise eligible for financial aid, and must be enrolled for 3 to 11 credit points per term. Applications are available from the Office of Financial Aid or their Web site. The application deadline varies; please consult the Office of Financial Aid.
Additional programs are listed below. For complete information contact the New York Higher Education Services Corporation (HESC) toll-free at 1-888-697-4372, or visit their Web site at www.hesc.com.
• World Trade Center Scholarship
• New York State Scholarship for Academic Excellence
• Regents Professional Opportunity Scholarships
• Awards for Children of Veterans (CV)
• Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship
• Memorial Scholarships for Families of Deceased Firefighters, Volunteer Firefighters, Police Officers, Peace Officers, and Emergency Medical Service Workers
• Persian Gulf Veterans Tuition Awards (PGVTA)
• Vietnam Veterans Tuition Awards (VVTA)
• State Aid to Native Americans
• AmeriCorps Educational Award
• Volunteer Recruitment Service Scholarship for Volunteer Fire and Ambulance Recruits
• Military Service Recognition Scholarship (MSRS)
States Other Than New York. Some students from outside New York State may qualify for funds from their own state scholarship programs that can be used at New York University. Contact your state financial aid agency (call 1-800-433-3243 to get its telephone number and address) to ask about program requirements and application procedures. When you receive an eligibility notice from your state program, you should submit it to the New York University Office of Financial Aid in advance of registration.
FEDERAL GRANTS AND BENEFITS
Pell Grant Program. The Federal Pell Grant Program provides assistance to undergraduate students who demonstrate financial need according to economic criteria and program requirements established by the federal government. To be eligible, you must enroll in a degree or approved certificate/ diploma program and be matriculated for your first bachelor’s degree. (You are not eligible if you have already completed a bachelor’s degree.) By submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), you also apply for a Federal Pell Grant.
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG). These federally funded grants are awarded to undergraduates whose financial need is substantial. All FAFSA filers who qualify are automatically considered for this grant. However, funds for this program are very limited.
Veterans Benefits. Various programs provide educational benefits for spouses, sons, and daughters of deceased or permanently disabled veterans as well as for veterans and in-service personnel who served on active duty in the United States Armed Forces after January 1, 1955. In these programs the amount of benefits varies.
Applications and further information may be obtained from the student’s regional office of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Additional guidance may be obtained from the Office of the University Registrar, 25 West Fourth Street, 1st Floor.
OUTSIDE SCHOLARSHIPS AND GRANTS
Students may be eligible for a private scholarship or grant from an outside agency. Some sources to explore are employers, unions, professional organizations, and community and special interest groups. A number of extensive scholarship search resources are available free on the Internet, and several are featured on the NYU Office of Financial Aid Web site. Students must notify the Office of Financial Aid if they receive funds from any of these sources.
FEDERAL LOANS
Subsidized Stafford Student Loan (SSL) Program. The subsidized federal Stafford Student Loan Program provides low-interest student loans using the capital of lending institutions and the administrative facilities of state agencies. These loans are made by independent banks or lending institutions and are generally insured by both the state and federal governments.
An undergraduate student may borrow up to a maximum of $2,625 for the freshman year and $3,500 for the sophomore year of study. The maximum for juniors and seniors is $5,500 with a total borrowing limit of $23,000. A graduate student may borrow up to a maximum of $8,500 per year with a total aggregate borrowing limit (including undergraduate loans) of $65,500. Within these limits, students may borrow up to the difference between the cost of education, the family contribution, and the total of all financial aid awards. For dependent students, “family contribution” is derived from the incomes of the parents and the student. For graduate students and independent undergraduates, family contribution is based on the incomes of the student and spouse (if married).
The subsidized Stafford Student Loan interest rate for all students is variable with a cap of 8.25 percent. Interest does not accrue, however, nor does repayment begin, until six months after the borrower ceases to enroll at least half time.
An insurance premium of up to 1 percent as well as an origination fee of up to 3 percent may be deducted from the loan funds.
Unsubsidized Stafford Student Loan Program. For independent undergraduate students, graduate/professional degree students, and some dependent undergraduate students for whom it is documented that their parents cannot obtain a PLUS loan, the unsubsidized federal Stafford Student Loan provides additional loan eligibility beyond any subsidized Stafford amounts. Students must first apply for the regular (subsidized) Stafford program, and if they meet eligibility criteria they will be automatically considered for the unsubsidized program. Terms and conditions are essentially the same as for the regular Stafford loan, except the federal government does not pay the interest on the unsubsidized loan while in school. Students must begin to repay interest and principal 60 days after the first loan funds are issued. Payment of the principal may be deferred if the student is enrolled at least half-time for the period of the loan. Also, the interest can be “capitalized” (added to the principal) if desired.
Freshmen and sophomores may borrow up to $4,000 each year, juniors and seniors up to $5,000 each year, and graduate students up to $10,000 each year. The total amount borrowed in any year may not exceed the cost of education minus the total family contribution and minus all other financial aid received that year.
Parent Loans for Undergraduate Students (PLUS) Program. The federal Parent Loans for Undergraduate Students Program enables creditworthy parents of dependent undergraduate students to borrow up to an amount equal to the cost of education minus all other financial aid. No aggregate borrowing limits apply.
The annual interest rate is set by a federal formula and does not exceed 9 percent. For this reason, eligible parents are strongly encouraged to choose a federal PLUS loan before applying for a private educational loan. Repayment of the PLUS loan typically begins within 60 days after funds are disbursed and may extend up to 10 years. An insurance premium/guarantee fee of up to 4 percent is due at the time of disbursement.
PRIVATE LOANS
A variety of private student loan programs are available to both U.S. and international students attending NYU. Created to supplement federal and institutional aid, they feature attractive terms and interest rates, and all creditworthy families facing college expenses are eligible. There are no maximum income limits. Loans are made through banks, savings and loan organizations, and other lenders. For more information, see the NYU Office of Financial Aid Web site or contact the Office of Financial Aid.
EMPLOYEE EDUCATION PLANS
Many companies pay all or part of the tuition of their employees under tuition refund plans. Employed students attending the University should ask their personnel officers or training directors about the existence of a company tuition plan. Students who receive tuition reimbursement and NYU employees who receive tuition remission from NYU must notify the Office of Financial Aid if they receive this benefit.
